Natural Hazards Research Forum | Adelaide
LA Fires retrospective through a research lens
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC, the new Board Chair of Natural Hazards Research Australia, will moderate the closing plenary session examining the research lessons of the 2025 Californian fires and their implications for Australia, featuring:
• Dr Faraz Hedayati — Lead Research Engineer, Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety, Richburg, South Carolina
• Brett Loughlin AFSM GAICD — Chief Officer & Chief Executive, South Australia Country Fire Service
• Kylie Macfarlane — Deputy CEO and Chief Operating Officer (Climate, Operations & Strategy), Insurance Council of Australia
• Melissa Pexton — Deputy Commissioner Strategy and Emergency Management, WA Department of Fire and Emergency Services
Law Council of Australia Superannuation Law Conference | Hobart
The Superannuation Lawyers Conference will be held at the Crowne Plaza in Hobart from Wednesday, 25 March 2026 to Friday, 27 March 2026.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will deliver the David Maclean Plenary Address, on ‘Trustee Resilience’.
Climate Law and Governance Day 2025 | Belem, Brazil & Online
During the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP30 in Belem, Brazil.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will co-chair the Legal Roundtable: Assessing the Implications of the ICJ and Other Climate Advisory Opinions for the Private Sector
Hosted by Brazilian Bar Association Rio Grande do Sul Chapter OAB/RS Enviro Law Comm; Tauil & Chequer / Mayer Brown; Univ de Caxias do Sul UCS Brazil; International Bar Association IBA; American Bar Association ABA; British Institute of International and Comparative Law BIICL.
Chairs: Prof Alessandra Lehmen (President, Enviro Law Commission, Brazilian Bar Association Rio Grande do Sul / Prof, Univ Caxias do Sul / Fellow, CISDL) & Adv Dominique Hogan-Doran SC (Expert, IBA Bar Issues Comm Regulation Committee Chair, & Co-Convenor IBA Climate Change Working Group)
https://www.eventbrite.ca/e/climate-law-and-governance-day-2025-14-nov-2025-tickets-1784763278009
International Bar Association Annual Conference | Toronto
Dominique will be speaking during the conference on Wild fires and natural disasters - a case for liability?, as well as chairing meetings of
the Bar Issues Commission Regulation Committee
the Climate Change Working Group.
Dominique will also be speaking at the Bar Issues Commission Open Forum, participating in meetings of the Bar Issues Commission Policy Committee, the Artificial Intelligence Working Group, the Forum for Barristers and Advocates (of which she is Vice-Chair), and the Bar Issues Commission Officers Meeting.
Venue:
Metro Toronto Convention Centre,
Toronto, M5V 2T6, Canada
Climate change & corporate responsibility | IBA Webinar
Climate change, human rights & corporate responsibility: implications of the ICJ and IACTHR advisory opinions for corporations across different jurisdictions
This International Bar Association webinar provides an initial reading and commentary on recent opinions from the International Court of Justice and Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the responsibilities of states in respect of climate change and human rights. It explores what these opinions mean for corporations across the globe, with insights from experts from the EU, Latin America, North America, Africa, Australia and beyond.
Join legal practitioners from across the world to explore the corporate implications of recent landmark advisory opinions regarding the responsibilities of states in respect of the climate crisis and human rights. Moderated by Marco Sella (Founding Partner, Sella Torlaschi Società tra Avvocati, Italy), this webinar will feature insights from:
1. Dominique Hogan-Doran SC, Barrister, Australian Bar, Australia
2. Lisa (Elisabeth) DeMarco, Senior Partner and CEO, Resilient LLP, Canada
3. Clara Serva, Partner, TozziniFreire Advogados, Brazil
4. Elsa Chen, Partner, Allen & Gledhill LLP, Singapore
5. Wangui Kaniaru, Partner, ALN Kenya | Anjarwalla & Khanna, Kenya
6. John Vellone, Partner, Borden Ladner Gervais LLP (BLG), Canada
Book Online: https://lnkd.in/ec6zqS2f
Executive Consequence Management Program | Melbourne
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will deliver a Keynote Address on “Leadership Journeys and Reflections”, in conversation with Tony Pearce, former Inspector General of Emergency Management of Victoria as part of the Barrington Centre’s Executive Consequence Management Program for cross sectors leaders from emergency management, health, government and infrastructure.
The program is designed to build capability, strengthen strategic thinking, and enhance collaboration across Australia’s emergency management agencies and communities. Participants work through real-world, scenario-based learning, powerful peer engagement, and insights from respected leaders.
Tuesday 16th to Thursday 18th September 2025
Program: https://lnkd.in/gRh_haPm
Energy and Resources Law Annual Conference | Perth
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC has been invited to speak at the Energy and Resources Law 2025 Annual Conference, taking place from 8–10 September 2025 at The Ritz-Carlton, Perth.
The theme for this year’s conference “Beyond 2025 – Challenges and Opportunities for the Energy and Resources Industry in a Transitioning World,” will bring together legal professionals, industry leaders, and young professionals to share insights, ideas, and solutions.
Dominique will speak on ESG disputes and risk management in focus: adapting to ESG risks and governance challenges in a changing energy and resources landscape.
https://erlaw.org.au/conference/2025-annual-conference/program/
Women in Law and Business | 2025 Sydney Lunch
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will be speaking at the 2025 Sydney Women in Law and Business Lunch.
Friday 30th May 2025
12 noon – 3.30 pm
238 Castlereagh St, Sydney
$250 (GST inc.) + booking fee.
Your ticket includes entree & main, sparkling wine, wine, beer and non-alcoholic beverages.
International Bar Association | Bar Leaders Conference | Milan
The International Bar Association Bar Leaders Conference will feature dynamic roundtable discussions on pressing matters including well-being in the profession, business and human rights, and election integrity.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC, Chair of the Bar Regulation Committee and Vice-Chair of the Forum for Barristers and Advocates will chair the Sustainability Panel and co-chair the Climate Change Roundtables.
📅 21 – 22 May 2025
📍 Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7297220216336371712
Australian Disputes Centre ADR Conference 2025 | Great Debate
The Australian ADR Conference 2025
Pier One, Walsh Bay, Sydney
Oceans Nine: Powering the Surge in Global Dispute Resolution
Designed to harness interdisciplinary expertise and make a real-world difference, the conference themes focus on innovation and collaboration; equipping delegates with strategies to navigate the evolving tides in global dispute resolution and expand their impact on the national and international stage.
Engage with an exceptional line-up of over 30 leading Jurists, Dispute Resolution Specialists, Global Experts, and Traditional Owners and Leaders. The Australian ADR International Conference leverages inter-disciplinary and global know-how to present a dynamic programme of keynote presentations, panels, conversations, debates, and workshops to make a real-world difference.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will be a speaker in the Great Debate:
That the Murray and Darling Rivers be granted legal personhood
Conference Registration details:
https://disputescentre.com.au/australian-adr-conference-2025/
Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Legal Conference 2025
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC and Dr Allison Silink will address the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority’s 2025 Legal Conference on the Best Financial Interests Duty owed by trustees of APRA regulated superannuation funds under the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (Cth).
Climate Law & Governance 2024
This year's Climate Law and Governance Day will be held during the 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Baku, Azerbaijan.
This full-day global symposium will feature distinguished plenaries, celebratory launching events, and more than 8 world-class specialist panels and workshops.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will join a panel session hosted by the International Bar Association in collaboration with other bar associations and law societies on “Climate competent lawyering: how can lawyers and law associations advance climate ambition?”.
Online registration is available here.
CLGD 2024 aims to inspire and optimise legal and institutional reform for achieving current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, responding to 2024 Global Stocktake outcomes and increasing the ambition of the next round of NDCs.
The objectives of the symposium include identifying and sharing innovative international, national, and local law and governance challenges, mechanisms and good practices relating to global efforts to address climate change. By convening esteemed legal and public policy experts, judges, negotiators, professors and practitioners from around the world that are committed to implementing the Paris Agreement, CLGD 2024 seeks to catalyse knowledge exchange and co-generate new climate law and governance scholarship, insights and approaches, facilitating new dialogue and partnerships. The symposium further aims to strengthen capacity and collaboration among the climate law and governance community of practice to implement the Doha Amendment, Paris Agreement and COP outcomes, supporting achievement of the world’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
International Conference of Legal Regulators | Melbourne
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC, Chair of the International Bar Association’s Bar Regulation Committee, has been invited to speak on the topic of the ethical use of artificial intelligence, both by lawyers and those who regulate them as part of the International Conference of Legal Regulators and Conference of Regulatory Officers in Melbourne on 16 October 2024.
International Bar Association Annual Conference | Mexico City
Dominique will speak at three sessions of the International Bar Association Annual Conference in Mexico City in September 2024.
Adjacent businesses, regulatory barriers and virtual nomads: a piñata full of legal developments
Monday 16 September 2024 (11.15am - 12.30pm)
Presented by the Alternative and New Law Business Structures Committee(Lead), Law Firm Management Committee and Regulation of Lawyers Committee
Regulating the legal profession is a boon as well as a barrier in many jurisdictions. Nomadic lawyers and legal adjacent business are changing the legal profession’s dynamics, challenging these traditional barriers. With the definition of ‘legal services’ or the ‘practice of law’ becoming more blurred, where are the lines? This panel will highlight pressing developments and proposed solutions through a multi-jurisdictional lens.
The cost of everything but the value of nothing: what goes wrong when governments starve the justice system of funding
Tuesday 17 September 2024 (11.15am - 12.30pm)
Presented by the Forum for Barristers and Advocates (Lead) and Judges' Forum
This session will explore, through a number of case studies, the consequences of failing to invest in a country’s justice system and the response of the legal profession in safeguarding access to justice and the rule of law.
Technology: AI and bar associations
Thursday 19 September 2024 (11.15am - 12.30pm)
Presented by the Bar Issues Commission
The IBA Bar Issues Commission (BIC) is participating in the Presidential Initiative to address artificial intelligence and, in particular, the BIC is focusing on guidance for bar associations in advising their members. This panel will discuss core issues relating to artificial intelligence (AI) and invite a roundtable discussion.
Specialist Compliance Issues: Superannuation | University of Sydney LLM
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will be guest lecturing in the University of Sydney LLM Course Compliance: Theory & Practice in the Financial Services Industry on Saturday 7 September 2024 on Specialist Compliance Issues in Superannuation.
Royal Commissions | Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law Webinar
Dominique will join the Hon. Ron Sackville at the Gilbert + Tobin Centre of Public Law at the University of New South Wales in an online seminar to be held on 22 August 2024 at 5.30pm.
The event will be co-hosted by the Australian Institute of Administrative Law (NSW Branch).
Superannuation Trustee Tactics: In Conversation | Piper Alderman Webinar
Trustee Tactics: In conversation with Dominique Hogan-Doran SC: Key regulatory and enforcement issues for super trustees
Dominique will speak with Piper Alderman’s Superannuation team in a lunchtime webinar on 7 August 2024 to discuss topics of interest for retail and industry superannuation fund trustees.
As the new financial year commences, superannuation trustees are facing an unprecedented legal and regulatory environment.
Greenwashing continues to be a key focus of ASIC, with a number of civil penalties and enforcement outcomes being finalised. The Financial Accountability Regime and the new APRA Prudential Standard CPS 230 on operational resilience will soon come into force, as ASIC and APRA signal a new level of regulatory and enforcement activity. In addition, successor fund transfers along with other types of trustee challenges continue to arise, leading to trustees needing to decide whether or not to obtain judicial advice.
Time: ACT/NSW/VIC/TAS/QLD: 12.00pm start - NT/SA: 11.30pm start - WA: 10.00am start
Cost: Complimentary
Duration: Up to 60 minutes
CPD: 1 Substantive Law Point
The workshop is open to all organisations, excluding other legal service providers.
For registration details contact events@piperalderman.com.au.
AIAL National Administrative Law Conference | Canberra
Dominique will speak at the Australian Institute of Administrative Law 2024 National Administrative Law Conference to be held in Canberra at the Realm Hotel on Thursday 18 and Friday 19 July, 2024.
Dominique will speak at the closing plenary session at 2.45 pm to 4.00 pm on Friday 19 July, 2024.
The theme for the session is 'The future' and will look at issues which are likely to be of particular significance in the future of administrative law in Australia.
Dominique will focus on 'Implementing royal commission recommendations'.
Dominique will be joined by Professor Lisa Burton Crawford from UNSW on automated information and Jake Blight the Independent National Security Legislation Monitor on national security issues.
For details see: https://aial.org.au
Ashurst Quarterly Super Review | Sydney
Dominique will speak at Ashurst’s Quarterly Super Review on the evening of Thursday, 6 June 2024.
The Quarterly Super Review is designed to be a workshop, as to encourage openness of discussion.
With the superannuation industry currently experiencing heightened media coverage and regulatory supervision and investigation, this Quarterly Super Review will focus on regulators and regulatory investigations. The workshop will explore how superannuation funds can embrace a new mindset when dealing with the contemporary regulator.
Enquiries to Ashurst partners Nick Mavrakis and Scott Charaneka.
International Pension and Employee Benefits Lawyers Conference 2024 | Milan
Adapting to Change: Ensuring Retirement Security in a Dynamic and Uncertain World
International Pension and Employee Benefits Lawyers Association
19th Biennial Conference, Milan, Italy, 26-29 May 2024
Dominique will speak on the Australian implementation of the ‘twin peaks’ model of regulation represented by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority.
The ‘twin peaks’ financial system regulatory model is a functionally-based model under which regulatory responsibility is divided primarily between two regulators, one responsible for the maintenance of financial system stability whilst the other with market conduct and consumer protection. Australia was the first to implement it successfully, this was to be implemented later by the Netherlands, New Zealand, Belgium, the United Kingdom and South Africa. A panel of contributors will discuss these issues.
The conference will explore current issues related to retirement security in a post-pandemic world. Globally, countries are facing a demographic cliff due to rapidly aging populations and low birthrates, raising serious questions about the adequacy of retirement systems and current structures, and the future of pensions and benefits. Over the years, there has been a global shift away from traditional defined benefit schemes and a move toward defined contribution arrangements, leaving individuals responsible for ensuring that they have adequate financial resources to last throughout their retirement. For many, the dream of a secure retirement is now being disrupted by high inflation, while others can barely afford to save for retirement. Group benefit plans and healthcare are also not immune to these disruptions. Yet now, stakeholders such as plan sponsors, retirees, unions, regulators, and politicians are exerting competing pressures like never before.
International Bar Association Bar Leaders Conference 2024 | Bucharest
The leaders of the world independent bars and law societies will meet at the International Bar Association Bar Leaders Conference and Mid-Year Leadership Meetings in Bucharest, Romania between 22 and 25 May 2024.
The conference brings together Bar leaders from around the globe to discuss the latest developments and thorny issues affecting the legal profession today.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC, Vice Chair of the IBA’s Bar Regulation Committee, has been invited to join the panel session on generative AI and the legal profession:
Generative AI could radically alter the practice of law. What are the issues that Bars and law societies should be addressing right now and how? As part of the IBA Presidential Task Force on Artificial Intelligence, the Bar Issues Commission is tasked with reviewing the impact on regulatory and ethical rules regarding lawyers. Several jurisdictions have already issued guidelines and best practice commentaries relating to the professional conduct of lawyers. The panel will provide a cross section of comparative responses by bars and regulatory authorities to artificial intelligence, and feature speakers from across the spectrum of IBA entities involved with the task force. The session will be interactive so that attendees may also provide input on their bar activities.
Dominique has also been invited to lead 5 roundtables on what should bars and law societies be doing about the climate crisis.
https://www.ibanet.org/conference-details/CONF2517
Leaders Meetings:
https://www.ibanet.org/programmes?q=:eventTime-asc:eventDays:Upcoming&conferenceCode=CONF2446
World Bar Conference 2024 | Belfast/Dublin
Independent Referral Bars:
Responding to Global Challenges
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will respond on behalf of the Australian Bar to the keynote addresses concerning Humanity on the Move: Legal Frontiers in Migration and Human Rights, including whether our international courts and bodies are up to the mark and what reforms should now be considered.
Association of Independent Schools Governance Symposium 2024 | Sydney ICC
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC has been invited to deliver a keynote address on Reputation Risk and Governance at the 2024 Governance Symposium of the Association of Independent Schools of New South Wales on Monday 18 April 2024 at the International Convention & Exhibition Centre in Sydney.
Attendance at the Symposium provides board members with six hours of NESA Accredited Governance Professional Learning.
https://www.aisnsw.edu.au/featured-events/governance-symposium
The Extent and Limits of Regulatory Powers of ASIC and APRA | Superannuation Law Conference Adelaide
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will present the David McLean Plenary Session at the 2023 Law Council of Australia Superannuation Law Conference on 15 March 2024 in Adelaide.
Presentation slides now available. Written paper to follow for conference attendees.
In the spotlight: assisting Royal Commissions - reflections from Counsel | Australian National University
In the spotlight: the challenges for Counsel Assisting Royal Commissions involving high stakes policy and political issues.
Royal Commissions are a unique feature of Australian public life. In that context, the role of Counsel Assisting a Commission can be one of singular responsibility, pressure, and opportunity.
When politically charged or policy focussed, the work of assisting a Royal Commission or public inquiry requires a range of interdisciplinary skills and insights, beyond those within a traditional legal arsenal.
At this seminar, Dominique will reflect on her experiences and insights as counsel in various Royal Commissions, including the recent Royal Commissions into the Robodebt Scheme (2022-2023), National Natural Disaster Arrangements (2020), Aged Care Quality and Safety (2018-2020), and Misconduct in the Banking, Financial Services and Superannuation Industry (2018-2019).
About the speaker
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC is a Senior Counsel of the Australian Bar. She was Senior Counsel Assisting the Commonwealth in the Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme (2022-2023), Senior Counsel Assisting the Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements (2020) and Counsel Assisting the Special Commission of Inquiry into the James Hardie Group (2004). She has appeared as Counsel in a diverse range of public inquiries including into corruption, disability, aged care services, financial services misconduct, charitable fundraising, water regulation, greyhound racing, and the collapse of HIH Insurance Ltd.
Tuesday 13 February 2024 12.30-1.30pm (via Zoom)
School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet)
Australian National University
Register here: https://regnet.anu.edu.au/event/spotlight-assisting-royal-commissions-reflections-counsel
The Robodebt Royal Commission: Issues for Government lawyers | AIAL Canberra
The Robodebt Royal Commission reported in July 2023.
This seminar is the second in a number of seminars which the AIAL will hold to consider the Report.
The Report raises a plethora of issues for Government lawyers, including:
· Is advice “just advice” or can the provision of advice constrain Government action?
· When, if ever, should advice be given by reference to legal risk?
· Is it appropriate to circulate draft advice and, if so, when?
· Are there lessons to be learned about the structure of government legal services and the oversight role of the Attorney-General?
Panel:
Justice David Mossop, is a judge of the Supreme Court of the ACT and has recently written about the propriety of a risk-based approach to the provision of legal advice to government.
Professor Gabrielle Appleby, is one of Australia’s leading public law academics and has written widely about the role of government lawyers.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC, appeared as counsel for the Commonwealth before the Robodebt Royal Commission and is Vice-Chair of the International Bar Association’s Bar Regulation Committee.
Chair: Mike Wait SC, is the Solicitor-General for South Australia and has served as a Government lawyer for 20 years in a number of capacities including solicitor, Crown Counsel and Crown Solicitor.
Date: Thursday, 7 December 2023
Time: 5.30pm (AEDT) (Qld 4:30 pm; SA 5:00 pm; WA 2:30pm)
Format: In person and on-line
Restoration Law and Finance Conference | University of Sydney
The Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law at Sydney Law School invites you to Australia’s inaugural ‘Restoration Law and Finance Conference’ on Thursday and Friday, 7 & 8 December 2023.
The Australian Federal Government has committed to ‘preventing, halting and reversing the loss of nature’ by signing up to The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, publishing the Nature Positive Plan (2022) and introducing the Nature Market Repair Bill (2023). As stated in the recently released Independent Review of the NSW Biodiversity Act 2016, chaired by Ken Henry, it is time to move ‘beyond biodiversity conservation to a “nature positive” framing that emphasises the need to repair past damage and to take urgent action to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, putting nature on a path to recovery, so that thriving ecosystems can support future generations’.
Through a series of keynotes, presentations and panel discussions, the conference will bring together a diverse range of speakers, including Indigenous experts, lawyers, investors, restoration practitioners and government officials to discuss the legal and financial barriers to restoring nature across a range of land tenures, and workable solutions to address these issues.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will speak on Complementary regulatory mechanisms to stimulate biodiversity restoration
Details: https://law-events.sydney.edu.au/events/restorationlaw_23
Legal accelerants for climate action: taking stock for COP28 | ACCEL
In November, leaders will gather at COP28 for the first global stocktake of the Paris Agreement. The process for preparing the next cycle of Nationally Determined Contributions will also be launched.
This event is hosted by the Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law (ACCEL) at Sydney Law School.
Link to Dominique Hogan-Doran’s slides pack
This all day event on 31 October 2023 will bring together leading researchers and professionals ahead of the COP to provide insights on how to conceptualise, develop and implement legal and governance tools to accelerate deep decarbonisation, adaptation and address loss and damage, on a whole of economy basis. Against the backdrop of the UN’s 2023 Acceleration Agenda, experts will discuss the various dimensions of legal acceleration to ensure a more equitable transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient global economy.
The 2023 ACCEL Distinguished Address will be delivered by Dr Ian Fry, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of climate change. Dr Fry will discuss important human rights and justice dimensions of the UN’s Acceleration Agenda, including the need to integrate human rights standards and principles into accelerated climate action.
The Distinguished Address will be supported by a series of panels in which leading experts will discuss the role and potential of legal accelerants in the context of climate finance, climate litigation, law and nature and the law of the sea.
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will join David Barnden (Equity Generation Lawyers) and Zoe Bush (Environmental Defenders Office) to discuss legal accelerators and the role of climate litigation.
Registration details: https://law-events.sydney.edu.au/events/acceldistinguishedspeaker
New Law Building Annex (F10A), Eastern Avenue, University of Sydney (Camperdown Campus)
Going green? lawyer regulation and climate change | International Bar Association, Paris
IBA Annual Conference Paris 2023
The issue of climate change is affecting all parts of Society and the delivery of legal services within this ever-changing world is a huge regulatory and ethical issue.
The panel will discuss 3 distinct areas in relation to the lawyer competence, lawyer discipline and ethical rules surrounding the delivery of legal services against a backdrop of “greenwashing”. The conflict between the client’s interest and a lawyer’s ethical obligations will be discussed.
Access Dominique’s Slide Deck “Going Green: Lawyer Regulation and Climate Change“ (PDF)
Speakers:
Brian Archer President, Law Society of Northern Ireland
Letícia Campos Mello Conselho Federal da OAB
Nick Emmerson President, The Law Society of England and Wales
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC Australian Bar, Australia; Vice Chair, Bar Issues Commission Regulation Committee
Ellyn Rosen American Bar Association Center for Professional Responsibility, USA; Member, BIC Regulation Committee
Specialist Compliance Issues: Superannuation | University of Sydney LLM
Dominique Hogan-Doran SC will be guest lecturing in the University of Sydney LLM Course Compliance: Theory & Practice in the Financial Services Industry on Saturday 2 September 2023 on Specialist Compliance Issues in Superannuation.
For details, see: https://www.sydney.edu.au/courses/units-of-study/2022/laws/laws6264.html